What defines a wave in physical terms?

A wave, in physical terms, is defined as a disturbance that moves through a medium. This movement is critical because it distinguishes waves from other types of disturbances that may not propagate. In essence, waves facilitate the transfer of energy and information from one point to another without the bulk movement of matter.

For example, sound waves travel through air (or other media) by causing air particles to oscillate back and forth, creating regions of compression and rarefaction. This movement allows the sound to be heard at a distance from its source. Similarly, waves in water move energy across the surface without transporting the water itself great distances.

This correct definition captures the essence of what a wave is and highlights its dynamic nature as opposed to a stationary disturbance, which would not be able to propagate energy. Other options either frame the concept too narrowly or refer to specific instances of wave phenomena, failing to encapsulate the broad behavior of waves in various contexts.